Chemical Engineering Help With Hazards Due To Fire, Explosion, Toxicity And Radiation
6.2 Hazards Due To Fire, Explosion, Toxicity And Radiation
Fire fighting services are provided in most developed areas to extinguish or contain uncontrolled fires and trained firefighters use fire apparatus, water supply resources or they might use A and B class foam depending on what is feeding the fire and an array of other equipment to combat the spread of fires. Fire prevention is intended to reduce sources of ignition and is partially focused on programs to educate people from starting fires and often conducted are fire drills to inform and prepare citizens on how to react to a building fire. A dust explosion is the explosive combustion of a dust which suspended in air in an enclosed location. This results in harmful effects of overpressure, thermal radiation, and ensuing projectiles. There are five necessary conditions for this explosion: a combustible dust, the dust is suspended in the air at a proper concentration, there is an oxidant typically atmospheric oxygen, the dust is confined and there is an ignition source.
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism and environment. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism. The word may be used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large.
This radiation may take several forms:
- Cosmic rays and subsequent energetic particles caused by their collision with the atmosphere and other materials.
- Radioactive daughter products or radioisotopes caused by the collision of cosmic rays with the atmosphere and other materials, including living tissues.
- Streams of energetic particles from particle accelerator.
- Energetic particles or gamma radiation or X-rays released from collisions of such particles with a target, as in an X ray machine or incidentally in the use of a particle accelerator.
- Particles or various types of rays released by the radioactive decay of elements, which may be naturally occurring, created by accelerator collisions, or created in the nuclear reactor and extracted for therapeutic or industrial use and released accidentally, or released sententially by a dirty bomb, or accidentally by nuclear accident, or released into the atmosphere, ground, or ocean incidental to the explosion of a nuclear weapon for warfare or nuclear testing.
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