Linguistics COMM Exam 1

Public (johari open to yourself and others window)

EX - everything you openly disclose like music, moral values

2. blind area	facets of yourself that are readily apparent to others through your interpersonal communication but you're not area of EX -- strengths others see in you
3. 2 types of uncertainty: cognitive & behavioral	cognitive - I don't know what to think about you behavioral - I don't know what to do
4. 3. hidden area	parts of yourself that you're aware of but you hide from others EX - destructive thoughts
5. 4. unknown area	aspects of yourself that you and others aren't aware of EX - unconscious motives
6. actor-observer effect	tendency of people to make external attributions regarding their own behaviors example - our own impolite remarks during family conflicts are viewed as "reactions to their hurtful communication" rather than "messages caused by our own insensitivity"
7. adaptive responses	emotions fluctuate
8. affect displays	intentional or unintentional nonverbal behaviors that display actual or foreigned emotions
9. affect displays: intentional	babies learn to facially communicate anger and happiness to get what they want
10. affect displays: unintentional	infants instinctively display facial expressions of distress, disgust & interest
11. algebraic impressions	calculating each new thing we learn about a person When we form algebraic expressions, we don't place equal value on every piece of information in the equation. Instead, we weight some pieces of information more heavily than others, depending on the information's importance and it's positivity or negativity. EXAMPLE - your perception of potential romantic partners' physical attractiveness, intelligence, and personal values will likely carry more weight when calculating your impression than their favorite color or breakfast cereal
12. appraisal	the way you interpret the situation
13. appraisal	an individual's assessment of a particular situation
14. Assessing IPC Competence	adaptability conversational management conversational involvement empathy effectiveness appropriateness

attachment anxiety HIGH - you perceive yourself as unlovable and unworthy - your thoughts may result

from being ignored or even abused as a child

LOW - you feel lovable and worthy of attention - reflections of a supportive and affectionate upbringing

16. attachment avoidance	the degree to which someone desires close interpersonal ties HIGH - you'd likely experience little interest in intimacy, preferring solitude instead LOW - you seek intimacy and interdependence with others - learning from childhood that such connections are essential for happiness and well-being
17. attachment theory	our interpersonal relationships and their dependability are created through our relationship with our caregivers as children
18. attributions	we create explanations for others' comments of behaviors answers to the "why" questions like "why didn't my partner return my text message?"
19. attribution theory	attempts to describe and explain mental and communicative processes involved in placing meaning on everyday behaviors
20. behavioral expression	things you can control/use inside feelings and show them on the outside - crying
21. cognitive appraisal theory	- emotional reactions are situational - emotional reactions vary from person to person
22. common appraisals	attribution & attention EX: loss ->> sadness danger/threat ->>fear
23. communication	How people portray their thoughts and feelings in verbal and non-verbal ways
24. Complaint-counter complaint	counter complaint - just go back and forth, no resolution
25. components of IPC	appropriateness effectiveness ethics
26. Components of IPC - appropriateness	based on your ability to communicate in ways that are expected of you
27. Components of IPC - Effectiveness	getting point across; being able to achieve goals you set
28. Components of IPC - Ethics	lying, gas lighting, purposefully hurting someone
29. components of principles of interpersonal communication - dyadic	at least two people
30. components of principles of interpersonal communication - dynamic	always changing, can change within the interaction
31. components of principles of interpersonal communication - transactional	shared meaning, back and forth
32. components of the self	self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem
33. culture	an established coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practiced and shared by a large group of people America's perceived as : freedom, religious, loud, fat
34. demand-withdraw pattern	nothing gets accomplished

DETERMINING how do other people act in similar situations

ATTRIBUTION- consensus high - external low - internal

36. DETERMINING ATTRIBUTION consistency	how has this person acted previously in similar situations high - internal low - external
37. Dismissive Attachment	low anxiety & high avoidance relationship outcome: - self-reliant - relationships as unimportant - casual rather then serious CONFLICT: exit
38. distinctiveness	how does this individual act across social situation/does this action stand out against the norm high: external low: internal
39. emotion	fundamental feeling states emotions share certain common characteristics
40. emotional contagion	emotions are contagious
41. emotional intelligence	the ability to accurately interpret yours and others emotions and use this information to manage emotions, communicate them competently, and solve relationship problems
42. emotional reaction process	- emotional stimulus - appraisal of the stimulus - experience the emotion - behavioral response/action ->>> EXAMPLE - stimulus - game time changed - appraise - bad, inconvenient change of plans (goal is inhibited) - emotion - angry - behavioral response - complain
43. example of selfawareness	your best friend texts you that she failed an important exam. You feel bad for her, so you text her a comforting response. this leads to you thinking "I'm a good friend"
44. example of social comparison	when we compare favorably when measured against respected others, we think well of ourselves. when we don't compare favorably, we think less of ourselves
45. examples of self-concept	beliefs are convictions that certain things are true - "I'm an excellent student" attitudes are evaluative appraisals - "I'm happy with my appearance" values represent enduring principles that guide your interpersonal actions - "I think it's wrong to"
46. external attributions	"my partner is probably too busy to respond
47. family & self	caregivers play crucial role, providing us with ready-made set of beliefs, attitudes and values from which we construct out fledgling selves

fearful attachment high anxiety & high avoidance

relationship outcomes: - stay away from relationships

-chronic distrust

- prefer dependent partners

CONFLICT: exit

49. feelings	specific things that occurs, short-lived & don't have physiological arousal
50. fundamental attribution error	the tendency to attribute others' behaviors solely to internal causes (the kind of person they are) rather than to social or environmental forces affecting them example - parents attributing teens' communication to "lack of responsibility"
51. gender	perceive communication as gendered; reality is men & women communicate very similarly
52. gender & self	the composite of social, psychological, and cultural attributes that characterize us as male or female
53. gestalts	general impressions of people, either positive or negative
54. halo effect	overarching positive view of someone so you think everything else they do is positive
55. horn effect	a person can never do anything right
56. how are emotions displayed?	conveyed through a host of nonverbal cues: kinesics cues - bodily cues affect displays
57. I-It	talk to people as if they were "it" (non-interpersonal)
58. ineffective conflict communication patterns	complaint & demand
59. ingrouper	people who belong to your culture
60. interactive communication model	Backchannel cue... "yeah" "hmm", feedback provided while your talking without interrupting Field of experience: prior knowledge, where you come from (professor to professor, student to student) EX: an interview, tutoring session, therapy
61. internal attributions	"my partner doesn't care about me"
62. interpersonal communication	A dynamic form of communication between two (or more) people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts,emotions, behaviors, and relationships
63. interpersonal communication competence	consistently communicating in an appropriate, effective, and ethical manner
64. interpersonal process model of intimacy	the closeness we feel towards others in our relationships is created through two things: self-disclosure & responsiveness of listeners to disclosure
65. interpreting	assigning meaning to the information that you have already organized
66. IPC Requires	motivation knowledge skill
67. IPC requires KNOWLEDGE	how do I go about having this discussion

IPC requires MOTIVATION how to be motivated to engage people

69. IPC requires SKILL	performance on the behavior
70. I-thou	engage people as people with thoughts and emotions
71. I-thou/I-it Conveys 2 Meanings: Content & Relationship	content - what do your words mean relationship - inferred meaning, interpretation - can be intentional or unintentional - is irreversible (how you say it)
72. Johari Window	model of relational self; types of info: private, public
73. Linear Communication Model	Info flows in one direction Message, channel, sender Noise- psychological noise, physiological noise increases when stressed EX: ELC emails, lecture class, speech, texting
74. looking-glass self	I am not who I think I am, I am not who you think I am, I AM WHO YOU THINK I AM -- I am too short because I think that you think that I am too short
75. mindfulness	paying close attention to detail
76. mood	longer period of time & low intensity
77. norms that guide management of feelings for creating a socially desirable & appropriate emotional display	norms that guide management of feelings for creating a socially desirable & appropriate emotional display: 1. 4 emotional display rules: - simulation - intensification - miniaturization - inhibition
78. organizing	once you've selected something as the focus of your attention, you take that information and structure it into a coherent pattern in your mind example - imagine that a cousin is telling you about a recent visit to a hometown. As she shares her story, you select certain bits of her narrative on which to focus your attention, based on salience, such as a mutual friend she saw during her visit or a fav hangout she went to. you then organize your own representation of her story in your head
79. outgrouper	people who don't belong to your culture
80. perception process	selecting, organizing, interpreting
81. perception process selecting	focusing attention on certain sights, sounds, tastes, touches or smells in the environment
82. physiological arousal	your heart beating fast when you're nervous
83. preoccupied attachment	high anxiety & low avoidance relationship outcomes: constant worry, demand attention & reassurance, difficult for partners over time CONFLICT: extreme responses
84. primary vs. non primary	primary: joy, disgust, anger, sadness non-primary: jealousy (anger+fear+sad)

Principle of Emotional identifying, labeling, and articulating one's own emotions Intelligence: Principle 1 -

emotional awareness decoding the emotional expressions of others

understanding people experience multiple emotions at the same time

86. Principle of Emotional Intelligence: Principle 2 Emotional Perspective Taking	empathy - both recognize and understand what a person is feeling empathic accuracy (can be protective mechanism) - correct or accurate understanding of how another person is feeling and why minimize conflict, maximize resolution
87. Principle of Emotional Intelligence: Principle 3 Constructive Management	reappraisal: strategy to change the way you think about a situation to decrease emotional experience - occurs early in the emotion generation process, before emotional response - think about emotional situation in non-emotional terms - I thinks vs. I feel suppression: strategy to change the way you REAPPRAISE DONT SUPPRESS venting stimulus -> appraisal -> emotion -> response reappraisal occurs between appraisal and emotion suppression and venting occur before response
88. Principle of Emotional Intelligence: Principle 4 strategic expression	capacity for harnessing emotion for positive communication and relationship management
89. Principles of Emotional Intelligence	1) Emotional Awareness 2) Emotional Perspective Taking 3) Constructive Management 4) Strategic Expression
90. principles of interpersonal communication	emotional support, contribute to individual health
91. punctuation	structuring the info you've selected into a chronological sequence that matches how you experienced the order of events example: think about how you punctuate sequence of events with a housemate - you hear a noise, open your eyes, see your housemate in your room, than hear her yelling at you
92. salience	the degree to which we are attracted to aspects of communication communication is salient if the communicator behaves in a visually and audibly stimulating fashion - >>> EXAMPLE: a housemate yelling and energetically gesturing is more salient than quiet communication becomes salient if our goals or expectations lead us to view it as significant ->>>> even a housemate's spoken phone announcement will command our attention if we are anticipating an important call communication that deviates from our expectations is salient ->>>>> example - an unexpected verbal attack will always be more salient than an expected one

schemata mental structures that contain information defining the characteristics of various concepts, as well as how those characteristics are related to one another

EX - suppose you're interviewing for a job with a manager who has been at the company for 18 years. You'll likely interpret everything she says in the light of your knowledge about "long-term employees." This knowledge includes your assumption that "company veterans generally know insider information." So when your interviewer talks in glowing terms about the company's future, you"ll likely interpret her comments as credible. Now imagine that you receive the same info from someone who has been at the company a few weeks. Based on your perception of him as "new employee" and on the information you have in your "new employee" schema, you may interpret his message as naïve speculation rather than expert commentary, even if his statements are accurate

94. secure attachment	low anxiety & low avoidance relationship outcomes: - warm, supportive - high self-esteem - confident communications CONFLICT: work toward resolution of difficulties
95. selective perception	deciding to pay attention to the stimuli of importance to us while dismissing other stimuli
96. selfawareness	the ability to step outside yourself and view yourself as a unique person distinct from your surrounding environment and reflect on your thoughts feelings, and behaviors
97. selfconcept	overall perception of WHO YOU ARE relatively fixed set of perceptions we had about ourselves based on beliefs, attitudes, and values fixed but flexible emerges from interactions with others
98. selfconcept clarity	the degree to which you have defined consistent and enduring one's sense of self example - struggling with your identity, remaining uncertain about who you really are
99. selfdisclosure	- personal information made public - primary way to build relationships with people- intentional - choose: -> when to disclose -> how much to disclose
100. self- discrepancy	the difference of how people see us vs. how we see us ideal self - "stop procrastinating" ought self - other people's version of you they wish THE CLOSER THESE TWO MACTH, HIGHER SELF_ESTEEM
101. self-esteem	overall evaluation of ourselves - positive or negative

self-fulfilling tell yourself the positive outcome, not the negative one prophesies for example - you may see yourself as professionally capable and highly skilled at communicating, which leads you to predict the interview success

103. self-reflection	to engage in critical self-reflection and ask questions like "what am I thinking and feeling?" "why am I thinking and feeling this way?" the ultimate goal of critical self-reflection is HOW CAN I IMPROVE
104. self-serving bias	our actions that result in noteworthy success, either personal or professional, we typically take credit for the success by making an internal attribution example - you've persuaded a friend to lend you her car for the weekend. In this case, you'll probably attribute this success to your charm and persuasive skills rather than to luck or your friends generosity
105. social comparison	observing and assigning meaning to others' behavior then comparing your own
106. social penetration theory	revealing yourself to others is like peeling back layers of an onion (((like Shrek)))
107. some principles are counterintuitive	- attributions of blame & responsibility following extra-dyadic relationships (cheating) - first in, last out - 0 men fall in love first and women are the first out - effects of sense of humor on relationship satisfaction --> people with average sense of humor are better for relationships because they can be serious if need be
108. sources of the self	gender & self, family and self
109. stereotyping	when we stereotype people, we replace subtle complexities that make people unique with subtle blanket statements about their character and worth solely based on their social group affiliation
110. subjective experiences	2 people, same situation, but different feelings example - football game cheering for different teams
111. thought interruption	emotions overriding your ability to think about other things
112. transactional communication model	Considers communication to be multidimensional Senders are now collaborators Jointly create a convo meaning, complicated EX: talking to close friend, dinner with family
113. Uncertainty Reduction Theory	a theory suggesting that people are motivated to reduce their uncertainty about others
114. valence experiences	positive or negative emotions positive - happy, ecstatic, joyful, surprise negative - sad, angry, fearful
115. ways to reduce uncertainty: active	talk to other people about the person
116. ways to reduce uncertainty: interactive	talk to the person face-to-face
117. ways to reduce uncertainty: passive	seeing how someone reacts in their natural habitat

ways to reduce uncertainty: proactive doing things before the interaction; seek to decrease uncertainty before the interaction

119. ways to reduce uncertainty: retroactive

effort to make sense of an interaction after it occurs

120. What are the motives for IPC?

1. Goal Achievement

2. Self-Presentation (show you're happy)

3. Instrumental (trying to achieve a "tangible thing")

4. Relationship (establish, maintain, or end a relationship)